“诺比利（Robert Nobili），印度的利玛窦，宗教对话的先驱者”

顾 卫 民 

　　在地理大发现以后来到东方的耶稣会士中，在印度的诺比利与在中国的利玛窦有着相似的经历。他们都是意大利籍耶稣会士，接受了文艺复兴时代广博的人文主义教育，并怀有天主教改革时期深刻的宗教虔敬。他们都主张与当地文化采取“适应”和“调和”的策略，他们的主张在身前和身后都成为教内教外争议的对象。本文介绍了诺比利这位不太为人所知的传教士在印度马图拉（Mathurai）地方一生的传教工作，描绘了他是如何亲身从生活和宗教实践方面去适应当地的文化，诸如每日一餐、食素、披袈裟、学习梵文、研究婆罗门教经典，并用婆罗门经典中的词汇和泰米尔语表达天主教观念，等等。本文还介绍了他与婆罗门交往并从婆罗门中皈化基督徒的事迹。同时，本文也叙述了他的实践活动并不为教会中的同僚和上级所认同，并引发争执，直至由果阿宗教裁判所以及教廷出面干预为止。诺比利虽然在各种争执中据理力争，圣座最后也没有完全否认他的办法，但是他的晚年备受教会当局的排挤，被派到边远的地方传教，迹近流放。然而，诺比利仍然以顽强的毅力完成了他用梵语所写的教理著作，成为印度基督教文学事业的重要组成部分。

Robert Nobili, Matteo Ricci in India, Pioneer in Religions dialogue
(abstract)
Gu Wei –min

Robert Nobili was an Italian Jesuit. He was born in a aristocrat familiy and connected by kinship or friendship with many nobles and high ranks of the Church. He arrived Goa in 1605 and did his mission work in a very important Tamil cultural centre Mathurai in 1606. he lived as a Hindu among Hindus and was the first missionary to study philosophical Hinduism. he adopted a Hindu lifestyle, in cluding wearing Indian dress the long ochre robe of the sannyasi and a strict vegetarian diet, and encouraged his converts to remain Hindu in every possible way. By 1609 he was able to speak Sanskrit fluently and learned ancient classic of Veda, the repository of the secret lore of the Brahmans. Church controversy over Nobilis methods raged for decades. aleady in late 1612. a new provincial leaeler (Portuguese, unlike his Italian predecessor) ordered Nobili to cease his work until a definitive ecclesiastical ruling was made. Only in 1623 did a verdict from Rome permit baptisms again under Nobili’s methodology. However, the last years of life of Nobili were marked by much sadness aud suffering. ln 1646, when he was seventy years old, the authorities of the Society decided to remove him from his beloved Mathurai and send him to Jaffna, at last to remove him to Mglapore. At his last days, though his bodily ailments were so many, his mind seems to have been perfectly clear. He dedictated himself to write literary work. and made his final contribution to the building up of a Christian literature in India. He died in Mylapore in 1656, no record of the place of his burial has been preserved.